Complete evaluation of air-sea heat exchange and near-surface temperature dynamics by Claudio Iturra
Real-time analysis of radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction processes
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Ocean ↔ Atmosphere
Stable
±0 W/m²/hr
Convention: Positive = Ocean loses heat (cooling) | Negative = Ocean gains heat (warming)
-- mm/day
--
-- MJ/m²/K
-- MJ/m²/K
Depth: -- m
Temp: -- °C
Gradient: -- °C/m
Strength: --
Index: --
Stability: --
S0 = Solar irradiance at top of atmosphere
θ = Solar zenith angle
τatm = Atmospheric transmittance
αocean = Ocean surface albedo (0.04-0.10)
fcloud = Cloud attenuation factor
Cloud Factor: fcloud = 1 - 0.75 × C3.4
Atmospheric Transmittance: τatm = 0.7(1/cos(θ))
εocean = Ocean emissivity (0.97)
εatm = Atmospheric emissivity
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67×10⁻⁸ W/m²/K⁴)
Tsea, Tair = Temperatures in Kelvin
Atmospheric Emissivity: εatm = 0.7 + 5.95×10⁻⁵ × ea × exp(1500/Tair)
ea = Water vapor pressure (Pa)
ρair = Air density (kg/m³)
Cp = Specific heat of air (1004 J/kg/K)
CH = Heat transfer coefficient
U = Wind speed at 10m height
Transfer Coefficient: CH = (0.61 + 0.063×U) × 10⁻³
Air Density: ρair = P/(Rd × Tair)
Lv = Latent heat of vaporization (2.45×10⁶ J/kg)
CE = Moisture transfer coefficient
qsea = Specific humidity at sea surface
qair = Specific humidity of air
Specific Humidity: q = 0.622 × e/(P - 0.378×e)
Saturation Vapor Pressure: es = 6.112 × exp(17.67×T/(T+243.5))
Positive Qnet = Ocean heat loss (cooling)
Negative Qnet = Ocean heat gain (warming)
Typical Range: -800 to +400 W/m²
Daily Average: Usually 0-50 W/m² (balanced)
Diurnal Variation: ±200-400 W/m²
ρw = Seawater density (1025 kg/m³)
Cpw = Specific heat of seawater (4000 J/kg/K)
hmix = Mixed layer depth (m)
Depth Profile: T(z,t) = T0 + ΔT × exp(-z/hmix)
Time Scale: τ = ρw × Cpw × hmix / |Qnet|